A scarcity of fossil resources, energy security, climate change, environmental protection are the issues faced by the energy sector at present. Alternative sources of energy that are environment friendly, renewable, and sustainable, have been found to be reducing our dependence on fossil fuels such as oil. Among all renewable energy sources, 40% of the total energy consumption in the world is fulfilled by the liquid biofuels. The use of liquid biofuels contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gases emission, regional development, and energy supply security. The governments of major economies such as the United States, Europe, and other developing regions have established the basic policies to promote the use of ecofriendly biofuels.
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Synthesis of Ethanol takes place by the fermentation of sugars derived either naturally by yeast or via petrochemical process i.e. hydration of petroleum based Ethylene. Ethanol produced by Biomass is known as Bioethanol. It is a colorless and flammable liquid also known as Ethyl Alcohol, grain alcohol, and EtOH. Ethanol has a wide range of applications as a fuel additive, industrial solvent, beverage, disinfectant, and in personal care, and among others. Majority of the Ethanol produced is either used as an engine fuel, in the form of pure Ethanol or as a fuel additive to reduce the emission of exhaust gases.
BIOETHANOL PROPERTIES AND ITS SOURCES OF PRODUCTION
Bioethanol is easily biodegradable, less toxic, and produces lesser air-borne pollutants in comparison to petroleum fuel and has been identified as the mostly used biofuel owing to these properties. A variety of biobased feedstocks from the first, second and third generation are used for the production of Bioethanol. Feedstocks rich in sucrose (sugar beet, sugarcane, sweet sorghum, and fruits) and starch (corn, sweet potato, wheat, rice, potato, cassava, and barley) are used to make first-generation Bioethanol. Second-generation Bioethanol is derived from lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw, and grasses. Algal biomass including microalgae and macroalgae are utilized as feedstocks to produce the third-generation Bioethanol.
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Ethanol has emerged as an alternative fuel in many countries that instigate the demand for Bioethanol in the market. The United States is the largest Ethanol producer with the production of nearly 16.1 billion gallons of Ethanol in 2018 due to the abundance of raw material (mostly corn). In the United States, more than 98% Gasoline contains Ethanol and in order to reduce air pollution, E10 (10% Ethanol, 90% Gasoline) is typically used. The United States and Brazil produce 85% of the world’s total Ethanol. Europe is the third largest Ethanol producer and Germany, and France holds the major share for Bioethanol production in the region followed by Spain.
INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TOWARDS USE OF BIOETHANOL AS BIOFUEL
The Ethanol fuel industry in the United States is mostly based on ‘corn’ as feedstock. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, it is believed that in the coming years, a material portion of the ≈150-billion-US-gallon (570,000,000 m3) per year market for gasoline will be replaced with fuel Ethanol.
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