History of Artificial Intelligence |
Posted: February 23, 2023 |
Artificial intelligence (AI) is such a vast and revolutionary technology that it is difficult to give a precise definition. It can be considered a branch of computer science, with the goal of creating machines capable of performing tasks traditionally requiring human intelligence. However, AI is an interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches. Today, Machine Learning and Deep Learning are two techniques used in companies in all industries. What is Artificial Intelligence ? In 1950, mathematician Alan Turing asked himself, “Can machines think ?” In reality, this simple question would change the world. He wrote an article “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” and the resulting “Turing Test” laid the foundations for artificial intelligence, its vision, and its goals. The goal of artificial intelligence is to answer Turing’s question affirmatively. Its aim is to replicate or simulate human intelligence in machines. This is an ambitious goal that raises many questions and is the subject of debate. That is why there is not yet a single definition of artificial intelligence. From their perspective, there are four distinct approaches that have historically defined the field of artificial intelligence : Human thought Rational thought Human action Rational action. The first two approaches are related to reasoning and thought processing, while the latter two have to do with behavior. In their book, P. Norvig and S. Russell focus primarily on rational agents capable of acting to achieve the best result. MIT Professor of Artificial Intelligence Patrick Winston defines AI as “constraint-driven algorithms exposed by representations supporting models linking thought, perception, and action”. Another modern definition : Machines that react to simulations in the way humans do, with the ability to contemplate, judge, and intend. These systems are capable of making decisions that normally require a human level of expertise. They have three qualities that constitute the essence of artificial intelligence: intentionality, intelligence, and adaptability. These different definitions may seem abstract and complex. However, they establish Artificial Intelligence as a computer science. Want to Become a Master in Artificial Intelligence? Then visit here to Learn Artificial Intelligence Training! What are the uses of Artificial Intelligence ? Artificial intelligence has several goals, including learning, reasoning and perception. It is used in all industries, so much so that the applications are infinite and impossible to list exhaustively. In the field of health, it is used to develop personalized treatments, discover new drugs, or analyze medical imaging such as X-rays and MRIs. Virtual assistants can also help patients and remind them to take pills or play sports to stay fit. The retail sector uses AI to deliver personalized recommendations and advertising to customers. It also makes it possible to optimize the layout of products or to better manage inventories. In factories, artificial intelligence analyzes IoT equipment data to predict load and demand with Deep Learning. It also allows us to anticipate a possible malfunction to intervene early. On the other hand, Banks exploit AI for fraud prevention and detection purposes. The technology also allows you to check if a customer will be able to pay the credit they request, and automate data management tasks. These are just a few examples of industries using artificial intelligence. As you can see, this revolutionary technology will change all sectors of activity in the coming years… Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey from the AI generation to till date development. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952) o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons. o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning. o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test. Want to know more about Artificial Intelligence, visit here Artificial Intelligence Tutorial !
o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems. o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field. At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974) o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA. o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as WABOT-1. The first AI winter (1974-1980) o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding from government for AI researches. o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased. A boom of AI (1980-1987) o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert. o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University. The second AI winter (1987-1993) o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration. o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011) o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion. o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner. o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present) o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly. o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide information to the user as a prediction. o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test." o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also performed extremely well. o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine. Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data, and data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high intelligence. If you want to know more about Artificial Intelligence visit this blog History of Artificial Intelligence!
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